Discourse MARKERS (discourse starters & beginning words). Some of them can be used as conjunctions within a sentence.
Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence
Actually, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
Discourse markers (so, right, right?, okay, anyway)
1. We use different discourse markers in speaking and writing. In speaking, the following discourse markers are very common:
2. In writing, the following discourse markers are common:
Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence
Actually, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
Discourse markers (so, right, right?, okay, anyway)
Discourse markers are words or phrases like anyway, right, okay, as I say, to begin with. We use them to connect, organise and manage what we say or write or to express attitude:
[friends are talking]
The discourse markers in this extract have a number of uses:B: That sounds like a good idea.A: So, I’ve decided I’m going to go to the bank and ask for a car loan.
C: Well, you need a car.
B: Right.
A: Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would teach me how to drive.
so marks the beginning of a new part of the conversation.
well marks a change in the focus (from getting a car loan to needing a car).
right marks a response (B is agreeing with C).
anyway marks a shift in topic (from buying a new car to having driving lessons).
1. We use different discourse markers in speaking and writing. In speaking, the following discourse markers are very common:
anyway, like, right, you know, fine, now, so, I mean, good, oh, well, as I say, great, okay, mind you, then again, for a start ...
2. In writing, the following discourse markers are common:
firstly, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, secondly, in conclusión, to begin with, thirdly, in sum.
A discourse marker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence, and has a somewhat empty meaning.[1] Examples of discourse markers include the particles "oh", "well", "now", "then", "you know", and "I mean", and the discourse connectives "so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".[2]
In Practical English Usage Michael Swan defines a 'discourse marker' as 'a word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider context'. For him, a discourse marker is something that either connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or indicates a speaker's attitude to what he is saying. He gives three examples: on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact.[3]
Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as "fillers" or "expletives": words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling. Those functions can be classified into three broad groups: (a) relationships among (parts of) utterances; (b) relationships between the speaker and the message, and (c) relationships between speaker and hearer
WIKIPEDIA DEFINITION
A discourse marker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence, and has a somewhat empty meaning.[1] Examples of discourse markers include the particles "oh", "well", "now", "then", "you know", and "I mean", and the discourse connectives "so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".[2]
In Practical English Usage Michael Swan defines a 'discourse marker' as 'a word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider context'. For him, a discourse marker is something that either connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or indicates a speaker's attitude to what he is saying. He gives three examples: on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact.[3]
Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as "fillers" or "expletives": words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling. Those functions can be classified into three broad groups: (a) relationships among (parts of) utterances; (b) relationships between the speaker and the message, and (c) relationships between speaker and hearer
(As) Likely as not (very probably), the child you can do the least with will do the most to make you proud.
* On the other hand.
Actresses have more fear of being disliked. I, on the other hand, revel in it. (to take great pleasure or delight (usually followed by in): to revel in luxury.)
Change brings opportunities. On the other hand, change can be confusing.
I'm against abortion. On the other hand, I believe in a woman's choice.
The short story, on the other hand, is the perfect American form.
* Then again (used when an alternative idea suddenly
comes to mind).
We might get married this year. Then again, we might delay it for a year or two. * We haven't decided yet. I don't see a lot of nature in L.A. Then again, I don't see a lot when I go back to New York, either. * Then again, she might not go.
* Alternatively
You could get a degree in accountancy in Britain. Alternatively, you could do it in Australia or New Zeland.
* Having said that / That said
(A little formal. Stress on the word, “said”. Meaning = “Even though I just said ‘A’, an alternative or opposing idea, ‘B’ is also true.”)
Learning English isn’t easy; it takes hard work and practice. Having said that, many people do become quite fluent after a few years of study.
He does the least study of any of us, yet he almost always gets the best grades!
* Instead
Don't overuse any of the examples shown here. Instead, show a variety of ways to express your meaning.
I don't read newspapers very often nowadays. Instead, I either watch the news on TV or I read it on the internet.
* In spite of (this, that); Despite this; Despite that
The second hotel was more expensive than the first one, about double the room rate, in fact. In spite of the cost, we chose to stay at the second one because we wanted a taste of luxury for a night.
* Even so
(In writing this is within a single sentence but in speaking it sounds like it is beginning a new sentence.)
Studying a foreign language overseas is much more expensive than studying it at home; (but,) even so, it’s definitely the best way to learn a language.
* Conversely
(very good for academic writing, especially Task 1 in the Writing test, but too formal for everyday speech)
Global warming will probably result in some farming areas in the warm parts of the world becoming arid and unusable. Conversely, places that are too cold for farming now might become suitable for farming as they become warmer.
* In contrast
Young people like films that are full of excitement and romance, reflecting how they feel about things. In contrast, older people prefer more subtle and thoughtful films.
* But also
3. Talking about Similarity / lack of similarity.
* The same thing
For me, comedy and drama are all the same thing.
* Likewise
Likewise, free trade does not, as evidenced in Ireland in the mid-1800’s, mean fair trade.
In order that all men may be taught to speak the truth, it is necessary that all likewise should learn to hear it.
* Similarly (Hard to pronounce!)
Yes, I think there should be a little more emphasis on practical skills, especially in primary school. Similarly, in high school and university, there should be more emphasis on the practical application of what students learn at school.
* In the same way (Also: In a similar way)
My grandmother taught my mother how to cook when she was just a child. In the same way, my mother taught me when I was about ten years old.
* By the same token (del mismo modo)
Yes, I think we should try to follow the advice of our parents. By the same token, parents should consider what their children really want, not just what they themselves want. By the same token, society needs to assume its share of the blame for what is happening.
4. Contradicting
On the contrary; in fact; actually.
* On the contrary Note: Many students incorrectly think that this means the same as, ‘On the other hand.’ It does not. There are two usages of, ‘on the contrary’.
Usage a): The most common meaning is: “That’s untrue and I’ll tell you the true situation.” Or, “I disagree and this is what I think.”
Examples:
A: “I guess you're Canadian.”
B: “On the contrary, I'm Australian.”
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A: “I heard you live in a big house.”
B: “On the contrary, I live in a small apartment.”
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A: “But it was completely unexpected.”
B: “On the contrary, (I think) it was planned to happen that way.”
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Usage b):
Here is an example of "Usage b".
Speaker 1: “I think that's ugly.”
Speaker 2: “I don’t think it’s ugly at all. On the contrary, I think it’s quite beautiful.”
5. Concession (concede (v): (These examples of concession are often followed by a counter argument beginning with 'but' or some similar word or phrase.) These beginning words can be used to concede that the other speaker is correct.
Of course; Admittedly; Naturally; Obviously; Clearly; Undeniably; Undoubtedly ...
Of course, there’s always an exception to the rule but, in general, I still stand by what I said.
Admittedly, some people do waste money but I think the majority of people are pretty careful with their money.
Naturally, I hope to find a job that’s both interesting and well paid but, realistically, such jobs are hard to find when a person first starts working.
Obviously, there’d be fewer cars on the roads if they were much more expensive to buy.
Undoubtedly, millions of cars do produce air pollution but I’d say that the thousands of trucks that come into and leave the city during the night produce a lot of the air pollution that we see when we wake up in the morning. You only have to see the pollution produced by one dirty, old truck to know that.
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6. Concession and Counter Argument
My luck is getting worse and worse. Last night, for instance, I was mugged by a quaker.
Writing is still my main career, but I would love, for instance,
to either volunteer again in the future or work in a profession that allows me to travel.
I'm very lucky to have a husband who cooks, for a start. It's a good partnership. I met him through a friend, and we just hit it off.
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11. Being More Specific
Specifically; To be more specific; In particular; As a matter of fact; In fact; Actually
Basically, I think you need two things to get by in this world: a sense of humor and the ability to laugh when your ego is destroyed. * Basically, what I'm saying is there is nothing fake about what I do. I'm up-front, I'm real, I'm honest and I'm open with my feelings.
It's lonely at the top; but you do eat better. * But you do have to start young as a dancer if you're going to achieve the physical skills necessary. * What I've learned is you don't have to strive for perfection, but you do have to strive to be a very hard worker. * Acting can be a great job, but you do have to make up things to do when you're not working.
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18. Giving Reasons / Causes. (Ways of explaining or clarifying).
Due to ...; Owing to ...; Because (of) ...; On account of ...; In the first place; For one thing ... (for another thing) ...; The main reason why …; One of the reasons why …; One reason why …; The number one reason why ...; because of, which is probably why I ...
Due to and owing to are similar in meaning to on account of and because of. They are all prepositions used with noun phrases and are often used interchangeably. They indicate that something happened as a result of something or introduce the reason for something happening:
Men have a much better time of it than women. For one thing, they marry later; for another thing, they die earlier. * Men are superior to women, for one thing they can urinate from a speeding car. * Young men make great mistakes in life; for one thing, they idealize love too much.
19. Talking about the Result
As a result; As a consequence; Because of this, Consequently; for that reason, hence, in consequence, In this/that way, on that account, So, That's why, This is why, Then, Therefore ...; which is (probably) why ...
The mind is the limit. As long as the mind can envision the fact that you can do something, you can do it, as long as you really believe 100 percent. * Weight doesn't matter as long as you're happy with yourself. * Anything is possible as long as you have the passion. * As long as I'm having fun, I'm not quitting.
The present proposal is less complete, if you like, but no less effective. * I suffer a little bit from Napoleonism, if you will. * My neme- sis, my downfall, if you will - was relationships, and trying to fulfill them.
My life style in a sense is kind of private.
There's no evidence whatsoever that men are more rational than women. Both sexes seem to be equally irrational. * My parents, especially my mother, were no influence on me whatsoever. * Death is a very dull, dreary affair, and my advice to you is to have nothing whatsoever to do with it.
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Discourse markers are words and phrases used in speaking and writing to 'signpost' discourse. Discourse markers do this by showing turns, joining ideas together, showing attitude, and generally controlling communication. Some people regard discourse markers as a feature of spoken language only.
Words like 'actually', 'so', 'OK', 'right?' and 'anyway' all function as discourse markers as they help the speaker to manage the conversation and mark when it changes.
In the classroom
Discourse markers are an important feature of both formal and informal native speaker language. The skilful use of discourse markers often indicates a higher level of fluency and an ability to produce and understand authentic language.
Be That As It May: Don't Worry About Things You Can't Change (Book).
2.1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing the difference. (on the other hand, then again)
The present proposal is less complete, if you like, but no less effective. * I suffer a little bit from Napoleonism, if you will. * My neme- sis, my downfall, if you will - was relationships, and trying to fulfill them.
My life style in a sense is kind of private.
Stop thinking in terms of limitations and start thinking in terms of possibilities. * If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms of ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, teach the people. * I never thought in terms of being a leader. I thought very simply in terms of helping people. * We see ourselves in terms of yesterday and today. Our Heavenly Father sees us in terms of forever. * In terms of (about) defending Jews, I'm a Jew
It's no longer a question of staying healthy. It's a question of finding a sickness you like. * Nothing happens quite by chance. It's a question of how you do it / of how far we're willing to go in order to let the ego shine. * I don't think it's a question of age as much as it's a question of what kind of shape you're in.* It's not a question of McDonald's vanishing from the face of the earth. It's a question of these companies assuming some more responsibility for what they're selling. * It's a question of whether we're going to go forward into the future, or past to the back.
British acting is undoubtedly based in text, and American acting relies more on behavior. That's speaking very generally.
It's no longer a question of staying healthy. It's a question of finding a sickness you like. * Nothing happens quite by chance. It's a question of how you do it / of how far we're willing to go in order to let the ego shine. * I don't think it's a question of age as much as it's a question of what kind of shape you're in.* It's not a question of McDonald's vanishing from the face of the earth. It's a question of these companies assuming some more responsibility for what they're selling. * It's a question of whether we're going to go forward into the future, or past to the back.
British acting is undoubtedly based in text, and American acting relies more on behavior. That's speaking very generally.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
Ironically, the first thing that appealed to me about Islam was its pluralism. The fact that the Koran praises all the great prophets of the past.
Ironically, the first thing that appealed to me about Islam was its pluralism. The fact that the Koran praises all the great prophets of the past.
There's no evidence whatsoever that men are more rational than women. Both sexes seem to be equally irrational. * My parents, especially my mother, were no influence on me whatsoever. * Death is a very dull, dreary affair, and my advice to you is to have nothing whatsoever to do with it.
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Discourse markers are words and phrases used in speaking and writing to 'signpost' discourse. Discourse markers do this by showing turns, joining ideas together, showing attitude, and generally controlling communication. Some people regard discourse markers as a feature of spoken language only.
Words like 'actually', 'so', 'OK', 'right?' and 'anyway' all function as discourse markers as they help the speaker to manage the conversation and mark when it changes.
In the classroom
Discourse markers are an important feature of both formal and informal native speaker language. The skilful use of discourse markers often indicates a higher level of fluency and an ability to produce and understand authentic language.
Be That As It May: Don't Worry About Things You Can't Change (Book).
DISCOURSE MARKERS QUOTES
0.2. Introductory remarks (sometimes go at the end)
To tell (you) the truth; To be perfectly honest; (Quite) frankly; Frankly speaking; I (do) have to say/admit; I must say; I'm embarrassed to say; I don't like to say; I hate to say it, but; Legally/Technically/Morally speaking; Speaking as a parent / teacher; For one reason or another; I don't think you; Whether or not (Independientemente de si ... o no)
Whether or not Americans supported George W. Bush, they could not avoid learning about Abu Ghraib. * Whether or not Twitter makes you stupid, it certainly makes some smart people sound stupid.
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1. Structuring a speech / sequencing ideas / presenting arguments.
1.1. Talking about the Beginning
First, First off (informal), Firstly, First of all, To begin with, In the first place...
Avoid using, “First and foremost” in the speaking and writing tests because it usually sounds like a cliché
At first, Initially, Originally, In the beginning, At the beginning,
Note that “At first” does not mean the same as “First” or “Firstly”.
1.2. Adding; Giving More Details
* As well as that (= Not only that) (informal; good for speaking)
Art classes for, say, primary school children encourage the development of the imagination, creativity and self-expression. As well as that, these art classes provide an opportunity for those who have special artistic talent to become aware of this talent; they might never have known they had this talent if they had never had the opportunity to attend an art class.
* On top of that (informal; good for speaking)
Well, firstly, emails are much faster and cheaper than handwritten letters. On top of that, they’re much more convenient – you can read or write emails with just a few strokes of the keyboard, without worrying about paper, envelopes and stamps and going out to mail your letters.
* Another thing is
I think the latest video technology is in many ways superior to books in educational value because this technology has written words but also has information in audio and video form. Another thing is, it’s easier to store and carry around a disc than a book that holds the same amount of information.
* For that matter (Similar to, “As a matter of fact”, “In fact” and “Actually”)
To tell you the truth, I’m not very interested in basketball. For that matter, I’m not very interested in any sport.
* Besides
I haven’t seen that film. Besides, I’ve heard it’s not very good.
There’s a restaurant near my home but I don’t often go there because it’s too expensive and, to be quite frank, I don’t like their service – they’re much too slow. Besides, right now I’m too busy to eat out very often.
Note: ‘Besides’ is different to, ‘in addition’ because the word ‘besides’ introduces another idea that is in a different category, or a different ‘train of thought’ to the other idea(s). In the previous example, the first two reasons were criticisms of the restaurant; the last reason was separate from these reasons but, overall, was still an additional reason why the speaker does not eat at the restaurant very often.
* What’s more (This sounds a little too formal and unnatural if not spoken in the contracted form. In other words, don’t say, “What is more”)
Yes, I think the internet has changed people’s reading habits – for the better. I say that because now we can tap into a much larger range of, and volume of reading material than we could when we just relied on our collection of books at home. What’s more, topics such as current events are being updated daily so we can always be up to date with the news.
* Furthermore (a little formal)
Actually, I think academic skills are more important than practical skills because, if you have highly developed academic skills you can usually get highly paid work. Furthermore, I think in the future, society will value those who have brainpower more than those people who can do practical things with their hands.
* In addition (a little formal)
Reading allows people to become aware of their society and, in fact the whole world. In addition, reading is the main way that people increase their education and we all need to continually learn in order to make progress in our careers.
* Moreover (Very formal. It is best not to use this in the speaking test but it is suitable for academic writing)
Advertisements that glorify violence are a negative influence on children. Moreover, I think they’re a negative influence on anyone who sees them, not just children.
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1.3. Talking about the End
Last = Lastly = Finally
These three are used for listing several things that happen in sequence: “First, ….. Next, …. Then, … Last / lastly / finally ….”
Note 1: Beware of the following common error:
At (long) last = Finally
Many students write or say “at last” to mean “last” but this is a mistake. “At last” has the idea that someone has waited for a long time and it is usually used as an exclamation.
Examples:
(After wandering in the desert looking for water.) “At last! Water!” = “Finally! Water!”
(After waiting for someone who is late.) “At last! You’ve arrived!” = “Finally! You’ve arrived!”
(After looking for someone for a long time) “We’ve found you at last!” = “Finally, we’ve found you!”
finally, lastly, last, finally, at (long) last
Note 2: The expression “Last but not least,” is (rather informal) spoken English and is not really suitable for academic writing. It is used to place special emphasis on the importance of the last item of a list, even though it was listed last. For example, this expression is often used when introducing several people, one at a time – we use this expression before introducing the last person in order not to offend that person by having put him or her last. And in that situation it is often spoken in a jocular (humorous) way.
It is possible to use “Last but not least,” in the Speaking test but it has become overused in China and is rarely used in a suitable situation. It doesn't impress most examiners so it is best to avoid it even in the Speaking test. It would be better to say, “And last, but still very important, is ...”
0.1 Delying strategies
You know, you know, obviously, if my daughter's happy, you know, then I don't have any problem. * Well, you know, it's really been, you know, quite a trip for me. * You know, I don't think, you know, therapy never ends, really. * You know, as any parent will say, you know, life happens. You know, I mean this sincerely, you know, I'm so grateful that I get to get up in the morning and do this, you know, and write books. * You gotta mature, you know. * I'm pretty normal, you know? * You
know, if it weren't for these fans, I wouldn't have gotten as far as I
did.
0.2. Introductory remarks (sometimes go at the end)
To tell (you) the truth; To be perfectly honest; (Quite) frankly; Frankly speaking; I (do) have to say/admit; I must say; I'm embarrassed to say; I don't like to say; I hate to say it, but; Legally/Technically/Morally speaking; Speaking as a parent / teacher; For one reason or another; I don't think you; Whether or not (Independientemente de si ... o no)
To tell you the truth, I never listen to opera at home. * To tell you the truth, I was turning into a little spoiled brat after 'Rocky V.' * To tell you the truth, I always wanted to be a sketch comedian and a comedy actor. * I hate talking about music, to tell you the truth. * I've always been an optimistic guy, to tell you the truth. * It's been a pretty fun ride, to tell you the truth. * I'm not into older guys. To tell you the truth, Richard Gere is not the sexiest man alive, in my book. To tell you the truth, I don't really
follow what men wear. Men's fashion is much simpler than women's. It
doesn't change as much. I didn't want to be an actress when I was younger - not even when I was older, to tell you the truth.
I (do) have to say I have been very fortunate.
I (do) have to say I have been very fortunate.
I am pretty controlled I have to say.
I have written two nonfiction books, I'm embarrassed to say.
I don't like to say I have given my life to art. I prefer to say art has given me my life.
I hate to say it, but the older you get, you really do have to cut down on the amount you eat. Less food and less portions. * I hate talking about music
Whether or not Americans supported George W. Bush, they could not avoid learning about Abu Ghraib. * Whether or not Twitter makes you stupid, it certainly makes some smart people sound stupid.
I don't think you choose whether or not you're gay. * I don't think we're living in great times for movies, to tell you the truth.
03. Introductory Phrases
Introductory phrases and clauses pretty much do what they say do. They introduce something. We like to think of it as setting the stage for the rest of the sentence. You should use a comma after you have prepared readers with an introductory element in order to let them know that the main subject and verb are yet to follow. Introductory parts of a sentence can be small, medium or large in length but cannot stand alone as a complete thought. For more information about what constitutes a clause, see our article: what are phrases?
What is an introductory clause?
What is an introductory clause?
An introductory clause will describe where, how, when, why or how. They can be small, medium or large in length but, regardless of their size, a comma should follow them. Here are some sentences, can you spot where the comma should be placed?
Here's the correct version of the sentences:
- Having just returned from work, Julie was not in the mood for an argument about the washing up.
- Given that it was the third Saturday of the month, Karen knew that her monthly magazine subscription would be delivered.
- When exercising, you need to be aware of your limitations.
What is an introductory word?
An introductory word is a single word that sits on its own at the beginning of the sentence:- Yes, I do like creative writing.
- Actually, my website is one of the top ranking websites on Google.
- Generally, good writers tend to have a degree in English.
What is an introductory phrase?
Introductory phrases are similar to introductory clauses but are not complete clauses because they do not have both a verb and a subject. For example:- Checking methodically, we never miss a mistake.
- To stay top of the class, you have to study hard every day.
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1. Structuring a speech / sequencing ideas / presenting arguments.
1.1. Talking about the Beginning
First, First off (informal), Firstly, First of all, To begin with, In the first place...
Avoid using, “First and foremost” in the speaking and writing tests because it usually sounds like a cliché
At first, Initially, Originally, In the beginning, At the beginning,
Note that “At first” does not mean the same as “First” or “Firstly”.
First off, I have to mention what is undoubtedly the greatest phenomenon of the modern era: All You Can Eat Buffets.
In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards. * First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win. M. Gandhi
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1.2. Adding; Giving More Details
* As well as that (= Not only that) (informal; good for speaking)
Art classes for, say, primary school children encourage the development of the imagination, creativity and self-expression. As well as that, these art classes provide an opportunity for those who have special artistic talent to become aware of this talent; they might never have known they had this talent if they had never had the opportunity to attend an art class.
* On top of that (informal; good for speaking)
Well, firstly, emails are much faster and cheaper than handwritten letters. On top of that, they’re much more convenient – you can read or write emails with just a few strokes of the keyboard, without worrying about paper, envelopes and stamps and going out to mail your letters.
* Another thing is
I think the latest video technology is in many ways superior to books in educational value because this technology has written words but also has information in audio and video form. Another thing is, it’s easier to store and carry around a disc than a book that holds the same amount of information.
* For that matter (Similar to, “As a matter of fact”, “In fact” and “Actually”)
To tell you the truth, I’m not very interested in basketball. For that matter, I’m not very interested in any sport.
* Besides
I haven’t seen that film. Besides, I’ve heard it’s not very good.
There’s a restaurant near my home but I don’t often go there because it’s too expensive and, to be quite frank, I don’t like their service – they’re much too slow. Besides, right now I’m too busy to eat out very often.
Note: ‘Besides’ is different to, ‘in addition’ because the word ‘besides’ introduces another idea that is in a different category, or a different ‘train of thought’ to the other idea(s). In the previous example, the first two reasons were criticisms of the restaurant; the last reason was separate from these reasons but, overall, was still an additional reason why the speaker does not eat at the restaurant very often.
* What’s more (This sounds a little too formal and unnatural if not spoken in the contracted form. In other words, don’t say, “What is more”)
Yes, I think the internet has changed people’s reading habits – for the better. I say that because now we can tap into a much larger range of, and volume of reading material than we could when we just relied on our collection of books at home. What’s more, topics such as current events are being updated daily so we can always be up to date with the news.
* Furthermore (a little formal)
Actually, I think academic skills are more important than practical skills because, if you have highly developed academic skills you can usually get highly paid work. Furthermore, I think in the future, society will value those who have brainpower more than those people who can do practical things with their hands.
* In addition (a little formal)
Reading allows people to become aware of their society and, in fact the whole world. In addition, reading is the main way that people increase their education and we all need to continually learn in order to make progress in our careers.
* Moreover (Very formal. It is best not to use this in the speaking test but it is suitable for academic writing)
Advertisements that glorify violence are a negative influence on children. Moreover, I think they’re a negative influence on anyone who sees them, not just children.
* Be not only, (but also) it's also ...
Poverty must be reduced not only for reasons of moral and justice, but also of security. * Don't let your fear paralyze you. Prepare yourself not only technically, but also emotionally. The Chinese culture belongs not only to the Chinese but also to the whole world.* We write not only for children but also for their parents. They, too, are serious children. * Karma is not just about the troubles, but also about surmounting them. * To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan, but also believe. * The Bible is not only laws, it's also stories. * Success is not only one thing. It's not only having a nice house in Beverly Hills and driving a nice Mercedes. * Change is not only likely, it's inevitable. * Genius not only diagnoses the situation but supplies the answers. * Life may be not only meaningless but absurd. *
Wisdom not only gets, but once got, retains. * I not only get
recognized - I get recognized from behind. * Silence is not only golden,
it is seldom misquoted. * Distance not only gives nostalgia, but
perspective, and maybe objectivity.
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1.3. Talking about the End
Last = Lastly = Finally
These three are used for listing several things that happen in sequence: “First, ….. Next, …. Then, … Last / lastly / finally ….”
Note 1: Beware of the following common error:
At (long) last = Finally
Many students write or say “at last” to mean “last” but this is a mistake. “At last” has the idea that someone has waited for a long time and it is usually used as an exclamation.
Examples:
(After wandering in the desert looking for water.) “At last! Water!” = “Finally! Water!”
(After waiting for someone who is late.) “At last! You’ve arrived!” = “Finally! You’ve arrived!”
(After looking for someone for a long time) “We’ve found you at last!” = “Finally, we’ve found you!”
finally, lastly, last, finally, at (long) last
Note 2: The expression “Last but not least,” is (rather informal) spoken English and is not really suitable for academic writing. It is used to place special emphasis on the importance of the last item of a list, even though it was listed last. For example, this expression is often used when introducing several people, one at a time – we use this expression before introducing the last person in order not to offend that person by having put him or her last. And in that situation it is often spoken in a jocular (humorous) way.
It is possible to use “Last but not least,” in the Speaking test but it has become overused in China and is rarely used in a suitable situation. It doesn't impress most examiners so it is best to avoid it even in the Speaking test. It would be better to say, “And last, but still very important, is ...”
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2. Making a contrast. Contrasting. Contrasting points.
2.1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing the difference. (on the other hand, then again)
* On the other hand.
Actresses have more fear of being disliked. I, on the other hand, revel in it. (to take great pleasure or delight (usually followed by in): to revel in luxury.)
Change brings opportunities. On the other hand, change can be confusing.
I'm against abortion. On the other hand, I believe in a woman's choice.
The short story, on the other hand, is the perfect American form.
* Then again (used when an alternative idea suddenly
comes to mind).
We might get married this year. Then again, we might delay it for a year or two. * We haven't decided yet. I don't see a lot of nature in L.A. Then again, I don't see a lot when I go back to New York, either. * Then again, she might not go.
* Alternatively
You could get a degree in accountancy in Britain. Alternatively, you could do it in Australia or New Zeland.
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2.2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
* However (A little formal)
Good health is not something we can buy. However, it can be an extremely valuable savings account.
We are close to achieving our goals, (but) be that as it may, we still have problems that must be solved.
He certainly was under pressure at the time. Be that as it may, he was still wrong to react in the way (that) he did.
2.2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
* However (A little formal)
Good health is not something we can buy. However, it can be an extremely valuable savings account.
Power does not corrupt men; fools, however, if they get into a position of power, corrupt power.
* Be that as it may (Even if that is the case, whether that is true or not, although it may be true, nevertheless) We are close to achieving our goals, (but) be that as it may, we still have problems that must be solved.
He certainly was under pressure at the time. Be that as it may, he was still wrong to react in the way (that) he did.
* Having said that / That said
(A little formal. Stress on the word, “said”. Meaning = “Even though I just said ‘A’, an alternative or opposing idea, ‘B’ is also true.”)
Learning English isn’t easy; it takes hard work and practice. Having said that, many people do become quite fluent after a few years of study.
I'm really into good nutrition and keeping healthy! That said, I'm also addicted to candy - It's my biggest weakness.
I think that it helps that I have acted. That said, it doesn't mean you're going to be a good director.
I'm a big Michael Lewis fan. That said, my favorite Lewis book was 'The Blind Side.'
* At the same time
Baseball is a team game but, at the same time, it's a very lonely game: unlike in soccer or basketball, where players roam around, in baseball everyone has their little plot of the field to tend. When the action comes to you, the spotlight is on you but no one can help you. (roam: to walk about without any fixed plan or purpose; to wander) * I like this game but, at the same time, it's really stressful.
* All/Just the same
Studying overseas can be wonderful experience for students. All the same, they have to work very hard to make up for their language deficiencies.
I think that it helps that I have acted. That said, it doesn't mean you're going to be a good director.
I'm a big Michael Lewis fan. That said, my favorite Lewis book was 'The Blind Side.'
* At the same time
Baseball is a team game but, at the same time, it's a very lonely game: unlike in soccer or basketball, where players roam around, in baseball everyone has their little plot of the field to tend. When the action comes to you, the spotlight is on you but no one can help you. (roam: to walk about without any fixed plan or purpose; to wander) * I like this game but, at the same time, it's really stressful.
* All/Just the same
Studying overseas can be wonderful experience for students. All the same, they have to work very hard to make up for their language deficiencies.
A friend is one who knows you and loves you just the same.
* Mind you
(Esp. British English. Stress on the word, ‘you’. Informal = good to use! Meaning = “Even though I just said ‘A’, don’t forget this important opposing or contrasting point, 'B'.”)
To tell you the truth, I don’t really like my job very much. Mind you, the salary’s quite good!
* Still
It’s going to take me a few years and quite a lot of money before I get my doctorate. Still, I think it’ll be worth it in the end because …
* Yet
* Mind you
(Esp. British English. Stress on the word, ‘you’. Informal = good to use! Meaning = “Even though I just said ‘A’, don’t forget this important opposing or contrasting point, 'B'.”)
To tell you the truth, I don’t really like my job very much. Mind you, the salary’s quite good!
* Still
It’s going to take me a few years and quite a lot of money before I get my doctorate. Still, I think it’ll be worth it in the end because …
* Yet
He does the least study of any of us, yet he almost always gets the best grades!
* Instead
Don't overuse any of the examples shown here. Instead, show a variety of ways to express your meaning.
I don't read newspapers very often nowadays. Instead, I either watch the news on TV or I read it on the internet.
* In spite of (this, that); Despite this; Despite that
The second hotel was more expensive than the first one, about double the room rate, in fact. In spite of the cost, we chose to stay at the second one because we wanted a taste of luxury for a night.
* Even so
(In writing this is within a single sentence but in speaking it sounds like it is beginning a new sentence.)
Studying a foreign language overseas is much more expensive than studying it at home; (but,) even so, it’s definitely the best way to learn a language.
* Conversely
(very good for academic writing, especially Task 1 in the Writing test, but too formal for everyday speech)
Global warming will probably result in some farming areas in the warm parts of the world becoming arid and unusable. Conversely, places that are too cold for farming now might become suitable for farming as they become warmer.
* In contrast
Young people like films that are full of excitement and romance, reflecting how they feel about things. In contrast, older people prefer more subtle and thoughtful films.
* But also
I like complicated dishes but also appreciate simple foods.
You must understand that seeing is believing, but also know that believing is seeing. * The Divine Comedy' is very sophisticated but also very popular. * They are amazing kids so we let them make decisions but also have discipline. * I'd hate to see any film I'm involved in fail, especially artistically but also business-wise. * I like to be stylish and edgy (cool, unique), but also low maintenance.
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3. Talking about Similarity / lack of similarity.
* The same thing
For me, comedy and drama are all the same thing.
* Likewise
Likewise, free trade does not, as evidenced in Ireland in the mid-1800’s, mean fair trade.
In order that all men may be taught to speak the truth, it is necessary that all likewise should learn to hear it.
I took up violin because my best mate had taken it up, so I did likewise.
Wedding is destiny, and hanging likewise.
Wedding is destiny, and hanging likewise.
* Similarly (Hard to pronounce!)
Yes, I think there should be a little more emphasis on practical skills, especially in primary school. Similarly, in high school and university, there should be more emphasis on the practical application of what students learn at school.
* In the same way (Also: In a similar way)
My grandmother taught my mother how to cook when she was just a child. In the same way, my mother taught me when I was about ten years old.
* By the same token (del mismo modo)
Yes, I think we should try to follow the advice of our parents. By the same token, parents should consider what their children really want, not just what they themselves want. By the same token, society needs to assume its share of the blame for what is happening.
* If you like; if you will (por así decirlo, en cierto modo, si te parece bien)
UNESCO is a world service, or, if you like, a tool, highly complex, and precious. * * We can leave now if you like. (used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion) * I'm not sure if I have the confidence, the nerve, if you like (= if this phrase is suitable), to apply for the job. * He wasn't a very honest person; a liar, if you will. (Used in conceding a description)
* As if were; so to speak (por así decirlo, en cierto modo;
used to indicate that a description is not standard).
As if (it) were (really so); so to speak; if you like; if you will ...
I know from growing up in the spotlight, as it were, that the most important thing is your family. * A friend is, as it were, a second self. Cícero.
I've always been uncomfortable, so to speak, when the focus is on me. * I think the hardest thing to overcome is judging yourself and being your own worst critic so to speak. * If he still refuses we could always apply a little pressure, as it were.
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3.1 Making comparisons. Like, Unlike, As (if) it were (really so), so to speak, if you will, if you like. (por asi decirlo)
* Like
* Unlike.
Unlike with English, all nouns in French are either masculine or feminine. This, in turn, affects how the words 'the' and 'a' are used. (In turn: "a su vez") * Learning German, unlike learning English is at least one level more tedious as nouns have gender. * Unlike what happens in Member States, in the EU only the Commission can propose a new law. Americans have the right and advantage of being armed - unlike the citizens of other countries whose governments are afraid to trust the people with arms.
I have observed that baseball is not unlike a war, and when you come right down to it, we batters are the heavy artillery.
My life is not unlike Truman's. I can't go anywhere. Jim Carrey
Frankly, it's not unlike what happens when you announce that you're having a baby: People you barely know seem to take perverse delight in scaring you. it's not unlike what happens when you start up some big piece of software on your computer: other things suffer, necessarily. * It's not unlike what happens with physical exercise / in movies. * But it's not unlike what happens when you work on any book. * (But) that's not unlike what happens in Sports.
It brought up high levels of anxiety not unlike what happens to most people when they experience fear of pubic speaking.
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UNESCO is a world service, or, if you like, a tool, highly complex, and precious. * * We can leave now if you like. (used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion) * I'm not sure if I have the confidence, the nerve, if you like (= if this phrase is suitable), to apply for the job. * He wasn't a very honest person; a liar, if you will. (Used in conceding a description)
* As if were; so to speak (por así decirlo, en cierto modo;
used to indicate that a description is not standard).
As if (it) were (really so); so to speak; if you like; if you will ...
I know from growing up in the spotlight, as it were, that the most important thing is your family. * A friend is, as it were, a second self. Cícero.
I've always been uncomfortable, so to speak, when the focus is on me. * I think the hardest thing to overcome is judging yourself and being your own worst critic so to speak. * If he still refuses we could always apply a little pressure, as it were.
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3.1 Making comparisons. Like, Unlike, As (if) it were (really so), so to speak, if you will, if you like. (por asi decirlo)
* Like
Promiscuity is like never reading past the first page. * Monogamy is like reading the same book over and over. *
Playing baseball for a living is like having a license to steal. * If a tie is like kissing your sister, losing is like kissing your grandmother with her teeth out. * Being is like pretending. *
My work is like my vacation, so in a way every day is like Saturday. * Living is like working out a long addition
sum, and if you make a mistake in the first two totals you will never
find the right answer. It means involving oneself in a complicated chain
of circumstances. * Life is like an analogy.
* Unlike.
Unlike with English, all nouns in French are either masculine or feminine. This, in turn, affects how the words 'the' and 'a' are used. (In turn: "a su vez") * Learning German, unlike learning English is at least one level more tedious as nouns have gender. * Unlike what happens in Member States, in the EU only the Commission can propose a new law. Americans have the right and advantage of being armed - unlike the citizens of other countries whose governments are afraid to trust the people with arms.
I have observed that baseball is not unlike a war, and when you come right down to it, we batters are the heavy artillery.
My life is not unlike Truman's. I can't go anywhere. Jim Carrey
Frankly, it's not unlike what happens when you announce that you're having a baby: People you barely know seem to take perverse delight in scaring you. it's not unlike what happens when you start up some big piece of software on your computer: other things suffer, necessarily. * It's not unlike what happens with physical exercise / in movies. * But it's not unlike what happens when you work on any book. * (But) that's not unlike what happens in Sports.
It brought up high levels of anxiety not unlike what happens to most people when they experience fear of pubic speaking.
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4. Contradicting
On the contrary; in fact; actually.
* On the contrary Note: Many students incorrectly think that this means the same as, ‘On the other hand.’ It does not. There are two usages of, ‘on the contrary’.
Usage a): The most common meaning is: “That’s untrue and I’ll tell you the true situation.” Or, “I disagree and this is what I think.”
Examples:
A: “I guess you're Canadian.”
B: “On the contrary, I'm Australian.”
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A: “I heard you live in a big house.”
B: “On the contrary, I live in a small apartment.”
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A: “But it was completely unexpected.”
B: “On the contrary, (I think) it was planned to happen that way.”
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Usage b):
Here is an example of "Usage b".
Speaker 1: “I think that's ugly.”
Speaker 2: “I don’t think it’s ugly at all. On the contrary, I think it’s quite beautiful.”
We do not live to think, but, on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in surviving.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
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I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
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5. Concession (concede (v): (These examples of concession are often followed by a counter argument beginning with 'but' or some similar word or phrase.) These beginning words can be used to concede that the other speaker is correct.
Of course; Admittedly; Naturally; Obviously; Clearly; Undeniably; Undoubtedly ...
Of course, there’s always an exception to the rule but, in general, I still stand by what I said.
Admittedly, some people do waste money but I think the majority of people are pretty careful with their money.
Naturally, I hope to find a job that’s both interesting and well paid but, realistically, such jobs are hard to find when a person first starts working.
Obviously, there’d be fewer cars on the roads if they were much more expensive to buy.
Undoubtedly, millions of cars do produce air pollution but I’d say that the thousands of trucks that come into and leave the city during the night produce a lot of the air pollution that we see when we wake up in the morning. You only have to see the pollution produced by one dirty, old truck to know that.
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6. Concession and Counter Argument
* Sure you ... (but) at the end of the day (informal) Sth. that you say before you say what you believe to be the most important fact of a situation
Sure we missed our best player but at the end of the day, John, we just didn't play well enough to win the game. At the end of the day, what matters is that you're safe.
* All the same (en cualquier caso, al mismo tiempo, pero)
* All the same (en cualquier caso, al mismo tiempo, pero)
'All the same' (see above) is another way to continue defending your opinion after conceding that the other person is not 100% wrong in his/her opinion.
Yes, I agree that some young people are spendthrifts but, all the same, the majority are not like that. (a big spender, a squanderer. Tending to squander and waste) * I mean, it does not really matter to me, but I think it is improper, all the same. * I think being a woman is like being Irish. Everyone says you're important and nice, but you take second place all the same. * Ah! Young people, travel if you can, and if you cannot - travel all the same! * All the same, the texts before us are not entirely lacking in quality * All the same, I would point out that, today, we have
26 different sets of regulations.
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7. Persuading
* After all; You have to admit
Most Chinese people about the age of twenty make their own decisions about important things in life. After all, they’re adults at that age.
Yes, I agree that some young people are spendthrifts but, all the same, the majority are not like that. (a big spender, a squanderer. Tending to squander and waste) * I mean, it does not really matter to me, but I think it is improper, all the same. * I think being a woman is like being Irish. Everyone says you're important and nice, but you take second place all the same. * Ah! Young people, travel if you can, and if you cannot - travel all the same! * All the same, the texts before us are not entirely lacking in quality * All the same, I would point out that, today, we have
26 different sets of regulations.
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7. Persuading
* After all; You have to admit
Most Chinese people about the age of twenty make their own decisions about important things in life. After all, they’re adults at that age.
Certainly, if you look at human behavior around the world, you have to admit that we can be very aggressive.
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8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse. (desestimacion, rechazo, despido)
* Anyway = Anyhow = At any rate = In any case; Regardless of whether or not
(See also ‘besides’ in 9. Adding, below.)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.) (Notice no comma used after, ‘At least’)
I have always lived the way I wanted regardless of whether or not it was popular.
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8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse. (desestimacion, rechazo, despido)
* Anyway = Anyhow = At any rate = In any case; Regardless of whether or not
(See also ‘besides’ in 9. Adding, below.)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.) (Notice no comma used after, ‘At least’)
I have always lived the way I wanted regardless of whether or not it was popular.
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10. Giving Examples
For example; For instance; As an example; To begin with; To start with; For a start; If you look at; Take ... (for instance), (Let's) say ...
For example; For instance; As an example; To begin with; To start with; For a start; If you look at; Take ... (for instance), (Let's) say ...
My luck is getting worse and worse. Last night, for instance, I was mugged by a quaker.
Writing is still my main career, but I would love, for instance,
to either volunteer again in the future or work in a profession that allows me to travel.
I am not a big reader to begin with.
I'm very lucky to have a husband who cooks, for a start. It's a good partnership. I met him through a friend, and we just hit it off.
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11. Being More Specific
Specifically; To be more specific; In particular; As a matter of fact; In fact; Actually
I'm at the age where food has taken the place of sex in my life. In fact, I've just had a mirror put over my kitchen table. * It is often said that before you die your life passes before your eyes. It is in fact true. It's called living. * Nobody would say, 'I'm voting for this guy because he's got the stronger chin,' but that, in fact, is partly what happens.
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12. Clarifying. Explaining your point
I mean; My point is; What I mean is; To put that another way; What I'm trying to say is; ; In other words; That is (a little formal); That is to say (a little formal); It means ...
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12. Clarifying. Explaining your point
I mean; My point is; What I mean is; To put that another way; What I'm trying to say is; ; In other words; That is (a little formal); That is to say (a little formal); It means ...
I mean, money is a tool. * I mean, I eat really healthily. * I mean, I'm very, very competitive * I mean, sports are big, big, big business.
My point is, if you want to achieve anything in life, it is not enough to merely wish for it. You must develop that kind of 4:30 AM discipline that distinguishes you from others.
I'm not really a good reader. What I mean is, I think I'm not one of those people who can read a story and analyze it just like that.
If you are young and you drink a great deal it will spoil your health, slow your mind, make you fat - in other words, turn you into an adult.* I was a brat. It was crazy, I was very picky. In other words, I didn't take advantage of what was happening.
Living is like working out a long addition sum, and if you make a mistake in the first two totals you will never find the right answer. It means involving oneself in a complicated chain of circumstances.
My point is, if you want to achieve anything in life, it is not enough to merely wish for it. You must develop that kind of 4:30 AM discipline that distinguishes you from others.
I'm not really a good reader. What I mean is, I think I'm not one of those people who can read a story and analyze it just like that.
If you are young and you drink a great deal it will spoil your health, slow your mind, make you fat - in other words, turn you into an adult.* I was a brat. It was crazy, I was very picky. In other words, I didn't take advantage of what was happening.
Living is like working out a long addition sum, and if you make a mistake in the first two totals you will never find the right answer. It means involving oneself in a complicated chain of circumstances.
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13. Summarizing
Overall; On the whole; Basically; To sum it all up; Fundamentally ...
13. Summarizing
Overall; On the whole; Basically; To sum it all up; Fundamentally ...
Overall I think that the most important thing is to have true friends, and never try to be somebody that you're not.
On the whole, my life is and has been wonderful. * On the whole, I prefer Christmas as an adult than I did as a child. * I think, on the whole, men are much more shallow than women.
Basically, I think you need two things to get by in this world: a sense of humor and the ability to laugh when your ego is destroyed. * Basically, what I'm saying is there is nothing fake about what I do. I'm up-front, I'm real, I'm honest and I'm open with my feelings.
To sum it all up, I must say that I regret nothing
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14. Speaking in General:
Generally (speaking), In general, in the main, on the whole, more often tan not, mostly, typically, by and large ...
Generally (speaking), In general, in the main, on the whole, more often tan not, mostly, typically, by and large ...
Generally speaking, historically in this country, the care of a child has been thought of as female business. * I think childhood is, generally speaking, a preparation for disappointment.
Opera in English is, in the main, just about as sensible as baseball in Italian.
In the main, ghosts are said to be forlorn and generally miserable, if not downright depressed. The jolly ghost is rare.
Typically, I shy away from being the one to initiate a conversation or a shared activity.
By and large, I've been healthy all my life. * By and large, language is a tool for concealing the truth. * By and large women can bear pain better than men. * By and large, the people I'm talking about are Internet users.
I'm mostly pretty quiet on the weekends.I either read or visit friends or go hiking or something like that.
Opera in English is, in the main, just about as sensible as baseball in Italian.
In the main, ghosts are said to be forlorn and generally miserable, if not downright depressed. The jolly ghost is rare.
Typically, I shy away from being the one to initiate a conversation or a shared activity.
By and large, I've been healthy all my life. * By and large, language is a tool for concealing the truth. * By and large women can bear pain better than men. * By and large, the people I'm talking about are Internet users.
I'm mostly pretty quiet on the weekends.I either read or visit friends or go hiking or something like that.
Tennis is mostly mental. Of course, you must have a lot of physical skill, but you can't play tennis well and not be a good thinker.
I only feel sorry for weak people. And mostly what I've come to find is that the weak people are the ones that are the haters.
Being the boss anywhere is lonely. Being a female boss in a world of mostly men is especially so.
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15. Exceptions: Otherwise
Beware of missing chances; otherwise it may be altogether too late some day. * Luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury. * Just keep going like crazy and look back when it's over. Otherwise you just get confused. * To keep the body in good health is a duty, otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind strong and clear.
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16. Stating the purpose.
To; In order to (achieve this); In order that; In order not to ...
In order to win, you must expect to win.* In order to succeed, we must first believe that we can. * In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure. * I teach in order to learn. * We all have dreams. But in order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self-discipline, and effort. * Country music has to evolve in order to survive. * I shut my eyes in order to see. * We do not write in order to be understood; we write in order to understand. * You must change in order to survive.
In order not to hold a frame with someone, you have to be intimidated by them. * We have art in order not to die of the truth. F. Nietzche * I don't like these cold, precise, perfect people, who, in order not to speak wrong, never speak at all, and in order not to do wrong, never do anything.* I'm hopeless at telling lies. I can attempt strategic ones in order not to hurt people's feelings, but then I'll blow it 10 minutes later.
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17. Emphasizing (reinforce or explain a point)
Above all (else); Indeed (a little formal), after all, The important thing is ...; emphasis with 'do'
If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed. * I am, indeed, a king, because I know how to rule myself
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16. Stating the purpose.
To; In order to (achieve this); In order that; In order not to ...
In order to win, you must expect to win.* In order to succeed, we must first believe that we can. * In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure. * I teach in order to learn. * We all have dreams. But in order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self-discipline, and effort. * Country music has to evolve in order to survive. * I shut my eyes in order to see. * We do not write in order to be understood; we write in order to understand. * You must change in order to survive.
Someone has to die in order that the rest of us should value life more. Virginia Woolf. * It is good to vary in order that you may frustrate the curious, especially those who envy you. *
We do not live to think, but, on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in surviving. * Life is the art of being well deceived; and in order that the deception may succeed it must be habitual and uninterrupted. * Men are born with two eyes, but with one tongue, in order that they should see twice as much as they say. * It is in order that France may find her place in the new Europe that you will respond to my appeal.In order not to hold a frame with someone, you have to be intimidated by them. * We have art in order not to die of the truth. F. Nietzche * I don't like these cold, precise, perfect people, who, in order not to speak wrong, never speak at all, and in order not to do wrong, never do anything.* I'm hopeless at telling lies. I can attempt strategic ones in order not to hurt people's feelings, but then I'll blow it 10 minutes later.
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17. Emphasizing (reinforce or explain a point)
Above all (else); Indeed (a little formal), after all, The important thing is ...; emphasis with 'do'
Be amusing: never tell unkind stories; above all, never tell long ones. * Above all, I dislike vulgarity. * I'm a mama's boy above all. Shaquille O'Neal * Human nature is above all things lazy. * My daughter loves singing above all else.
Q: Do your friends also like that kind of film? A: Indeed they do! * If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed. * I am, indeed, a king, because I know how to rule myself
After all, tomorrow is another day. * After all, they never come home for Christmas. * Difficulties are just things to overcome, after all. * Life is hard. After all, it kills you. (Emphasis on "all": remember ...) Synonyms: At the end of the day, in the end, In spite of everything to the contrary; nevertheless: We chose to take the train after all. 2. Everything else having been considered, ultimately ...
The important thing is not to stop questioning.
The important thing is not to stop questioning.
It's lonely at the top; but you do eat better. * But you do have to start young as a dancer if you're going to achieve the physical skills necessary. * What I've learned is you don't have to strive for perfection, but you do have to strive to be a very hard worker. * Acting can be a great job, but you do have to make up things to do when you're not working.
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18. Giving Reasons / Causes. (Ways of explaining or clarifying).
Due to ...; Owing to ...; Because (of) ...; On account of ...; In the first place; For one thing ... (for another thing) ...; The main reason why …; One of the reasons why …; One reason why …; The number one reason why ...; because of, which is probably why I ...
Due to and owing to are similar in meaning to on account of and because of. They are all prepositions used with noun phrases and are often used interchangeably. They indicate that something happened as a result of something or introduce the reason for something happening:
- 'He was kept in after school due to/owing to his bad behaviour.' = He was kept in after school on account of/because of his bad behaviour.
Everything you see I owe to spaghetti. S. Loren * Marriage, like death, is a debt we owe to nature. * We owe to the Middle Ages the two worst inventions of humanity - romantic love and gunpowder. * Everything I am I owe to my faith and secondly to parents who were old school. * The little I know I owe to my ignorance.
For some critics we might be uncool on account of our popularity. * Facts are facts and will not disappear on account of your likes. The picnic is canceled on account of the rain (because of, due to)
I have to say I have an incredible musical education because of my father.
One reason why I don't drink is because I wish to know when I am having a good time.
I connect emotionally to these songs. I mean what I say when I say it, and that allows your audience to connect. That's the number-one reason why any music is successful, because you make people feel something.
I'm not a hockey fan, which is probably why I had to leave Canada in the first place
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19. Talking about the Result
As a result; As a consequence; Because of this, Consequently; for that reason, hence, in consequence, In this/that way, on that account, So, That's why, This is why, Then, Therefore ...; which is (probably) why ...
Men enter local politics solely as a result of being unhappily married. * Throughout my career I swam for form. Speed came as a result of it. J. Weissmuller. * My heart has been resuscitated as a result of becoming a mom.
Nothing ends nicely, that's why it ends. * We all need illusions. That's why we love movies. * Dreams have only one owner at a time. That's why dreamers are lonely. * Talking is always positive. That's why I talk too much. * But I'm a great father. That's why I got custody.* That's why I'm an actress - escaping into a world.
I'm not a hockey fan, which is probably why I had to leave Canada in the first place.
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20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
So; Therefore (a little formal); [‘Thus’ and ‘hence’ are too formal even for the Writing test]
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21. Parallel Time
At the same time; Simultaneously; Meanwhile; In the meantime
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22. Changing the Subject
(It is uncommon to suddenly and completely change the subject when you speak in the IELTS test.)
By the way; Incidentally; Speaking of ...
It took being famous to make me cool, which, by the way, I never forgot. * I'm a Republican, by the way. * By the way, I have had zero press training * I'm terrible at horror movies, by the way. I get scared so easily. * By the way, I got a Grammy, which was a big thrill.
“Yes, I had a good day at work. By the way, I saw your friend, Jenny, at lunchtime.”
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23. Returning to a Previous Subject
As I was saying; As I mentioned before
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24. Gaining Time to Think / Delying strategies (Important for avoiding long pauses, which decrease your fluency score.)
Let’s see; Let me see; Well; You know (Do not emphasize the word “you” when you say this. Only emphasize “you” when your meaning is: “You already know it". I'll need time to think about that; That's a very good / interesting question; (To be honest), that's a very tough / difficult question (to answer) because ...; What / How do you mean by that?; Well, it depends on what you mean (by)... Well, if you ask me, it all depends on your circunstances.
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25. Specific cases
As for / to; As far as ... is concerned; As far as ... go(es); regarding ... / When it comes to; If you look at; Take ... for instance
20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
So; Therefore (a little formal); [‘Thus’ and ‘hence’ are too formal even for the Writing test]
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21. Parallel Time
At the same time; Simultaneously; Meanwhile; In the meantime
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22. Changing the Subject
(It is uncommon to suddenly and completely change the subject when you speak in the IELTS test.)
By the way; Incidentally; Speaking of ...
It took being famous to make me cool, which, by the way, I never forgot. * I'm a Republican, by the way. * By the way, I have had zero press training * I'm terrible at horror movies, by the way. I get scared so easily. * By the way, I got a Grammy, which was a big thrill.
“Yes, I had a good day at work. By the way, I saw your friend, Jenny, at lunchtime.”
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23. Returning to a Previous Subject
As I was saying; As I mentioned before
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24. Gaining Time to Think / Delying strategies (Important for avoiding long pauses, which decrease your fluency score.)
Let’s see; Let me see; Well; You know (Do not emphasize the word “you” when you say this. Only emphasize “you” when your meaning is: “You already know it". I'll need time to think about that; That's a very good / interesting question; (To be honest), that's a very tough / difficult question (to answer) because ...; What / How do you mean by that?; Well, it depends on what you mean (by)... Well, if you ask me, it all depends on your circunstances.
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25. Specific cases
As for / to; As far as ... is concerned; As far as ... go(es); regarding ... / When it comes to; If you look at; Take ... for instance
* As to / for
As to" is used significantly less than "as for," and they don't necessarily mean the same thing. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, "as to" can be defined as:
The first of these is more frequently used than the second. Being a native English speaker, I don't recognize any difference between "as for" and "as to," but they are used in different kinds of sentences. "As for" is often used to either start a sentence or add onto a sentence:
"My wife and I are well. As for our work, it is not going well." * As for work; I was a teacher for 21 years, but now, I am going to have to do something. * As for work, I'm a nanny.
It can also be used (formally) to connote similarity:
"For Hawthorne, as for Borges, his writing was a reaction to his cultural situation."
AS TO
As to, on the other hand, can be used in the ways stated at the beginning:
"The programmers were at a loss as to how to explain the error." or "The blocks were graded as to size and color."
"Regarding" would not typically be substituted for "as for" or "as to":The remarkable thing is, we have a choice everyday regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day.
"As for the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
-> "Regarding the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
While grammatically correct, that sentence is a rather atypical form, so "as for" would still be more appropriate. However, "as for" can be defined as "regarding," even though the words aren't very interchangeable in common English. "Concerning" would be slightly more appropriate (though "as for" still sounds better):
-> "Concerning the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
Finally, "as regards"/"as respects" is another way of saying "in regard to" or "as compared to."
As to" is used significantly less than "as for," and they don't necessarily mean the same thing. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, "as to" can be defined as:
- As for/About
- According to/By
The first of these is more frequently used than the second. Being a native English speaker, I don't recognize any difference between "as for" and "as to," but they are used in different kinds of sentences. "As for" is often used to either start a sentence or add onto a sentence:
"My wife and I are well. As for our work, it is not going well." * As for work; I was a teacher for 21 years, but now, I am going to have to do something. * As for work, I'm a nanny.
It can also be used (formally) to connote similarity:
"For Hawthorne, as for Borges, his writing was a reaction to his cultural situation."
AS TO
As to, on the other hand, can be used in the ways stated at the beginning:
"The programmers were at a loss as to how to explain the error." or "The blocks were graded as to size and color."
"Regarding" would not typically be substituted for "as for" or "as to":The remarkable thing is, we have a choice everyday regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day.
"As for the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
-> "Regarding the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
While grammatically correct, that sentence is a rather atypical form, so "as for" would still be more appropriate. However, "as for" can be defined as "regarding," even though the words aren't very interchangeable in common English. "Concerning" would be slightly more appropriate (though "as for" still sounds better):
-> "Concerning the mayor, he can pay for his own dinner."
Finally, "as regards"/"as respects" is another way of saying "in regard to" or "as compared to."
There was a big question as to whether or not different generations have grown up differently.
The United Nations regard human rights as their main priority. * Do you regard their behaviour as good or bad?
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25. Expressing facts
Actually, really, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
*******************************************************************
As for me, prizes are nothing. My prize is my work. * As for me, I'm just passin' through this planet. As for myself, I was never against Russia. As for accomplishments, I just did what I had to do as things came along. * As for discipline and rules, I confess, I've never been good with either.
Sex without love is a meaningless experience, but as far as meaningless experiences go its pretty damn good. W. Allen * As far as playing jazz (go), no other art form, other than conversation, can give the satisfaction of spontaneous interaction.
When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; when it comes to my problems, I don't know what to do.
When it comes to starting your own business, it can pay to think big.
What it all comes down to is your incredible insecurity. What it all comes down to is money. What it all comes down to is a question of social systems. What it all comes down to, Is that I haven't got it all figured out just yet.
It all comes down to making sensible food choices most of the time.
When we talk about protecting our right to have guns, we are talking about protecting our right to shoot bullets. So what is it that's so important to shoot at?
* Regarding (regard vs consider). Different use (believe)
When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; when it comes to my problems, I don't know what to do.
When it comes to starting your own business, it can pay to think big.
What it all comes down to is your incredible insecurity. What it all comes down to is money. What it all comes down to is a question of social systems. What it all comes down to, Is that I haven't got it all figured out just yet.
It all comes down to making sensible food choices most of the time.
When we talk about protecting our right to have guns, we are talking about protecting our right to shoot bullets. So what is it that's so important to shoot at?
* Regarding (regard vs consider). Different use (believe)
We don’t use as with consider: We consider this to be a very serious issue.
The United Nations regard human rights as their main priority. * Do you regard their behaviour as good or bad?
I have never regarded myself as this or that. I have been too busy being myself to bother about regarding myself.
The remarkable thing is, we have a choice everyday regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day.
25. Expressing facts
Actually, really, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
The best part about being alone is that you really don't have to answer to anybody. You do what you want.
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