A discourse marker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence, and has a somewhat empty meaning.[1] Examples of discourse markers include the particles "oh", "well", "now", "then", "you know", and "I mean", and the discourse connectives "so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".[2]
In Practical English Usage Michael Swan defines a 'discourse marker' as 'a word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider context'. For him, a discourse marker is something that either connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or indicates a speaker's attitude to what he is saying. He gives three examples: on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact.[3]
Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as "fillers" or "expletives": words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling. Those functions can be classified into three broad groups: (a) relationships among (parts of) utterances; (b) relationships between the speaker and the message, and (c) relationships between speaker and hearer
Discourse MARKERS (discourse starters & beginning words). Some of them can be used as conjunctions within a sentence.
Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence
Actually, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
Discourse markers (so, right, right?, okay, anyway)
1. We use different discourse markers in speaking and writing. In speaking, the following discourse markers are very common:
Always remember that you are absolutely unique. Just like everyone else. * Opportunities are like sunrises. If you wait too long, you miss them.
Now is a very frequent word in English. Anyone with at least some command of English will tell you what it "means". But really?. Discourse markers (DMs) have recently become a very popular topic in pragmatics. However, 'now' has been only rarely mentioned. Even though it cannot compete with some other DMs in frequency, its functions in discourse by far surpass the role of a temporal adverb.
*************************
1. Delying strategies.
You know, if it hadn't been for Judy, Betsy was sure she would have left the city.
2. Introductory expressions.
To tell you the truth, I don't really like my job very much. Mind you, the salary's quite good.!
2. Talking about the Beginning. Structuring a speech / sequencing ideas / presenting arguments.
1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing the difference
2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
3. Talking about Similarity (相似，类似)
4. Contradicting (反驳)
5. Concession (concede (v): 承认某事属实，有效，合理等)
6. Concession and Counter Argument (反论点)
7. Persuading (说服)
8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse (解雇前话语)
9. Adding; Giving More Details
10. Giving Examples
11. Being More Specific
12. Clarifying
13. Summarizing
14. Speaking in General
15. Exception
16. Stating the Purpose
17. Emphasizing
18. Giving Reasons
19. Talking about the Result
20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
21. Parallel Time
22. Changing the Subject
23. Returning to a Previous Subject
24. Gaining Time to Think
26. Talking about the End
In Practical English Usage Michael Swan defines a 'discourse marker' as 'a word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider context'. For him, a discourse marker is something that either connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or indicates a speaker's attitude to what he is saying. He gives three examples: on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact.[3]
Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as "fillers" or "expletives": words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling. Those functions can be classified into three broad groups: (a) relationships among (parts of) utterances; (b) relationships between the speaker and the message, and (c) relationships between speaker and hearer
Discourse MARKERS (discourse starters & beginning words). Some of them can be used as conjunctions within a sentence.
Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence
Actually, in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, To tell you the truth, and so on and so forth.
I don't mind being single. In fact, I like it.
Discourse markers (so, right, right?, okay, anyway)
Discourse markers are words or phrases like anyway, right, okay, as I say, to begin with. We use them to connect, organise and manage what we say or write or to express attitude:
[friends are talking]
The discourse markers in this extract have a number of uses:B: That sounds like a good idea.A: So, I’ve decided I’m going to go to the bank and ask for a car loan.
C: Well, you need a car.
B: Right.
A: Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would teach me how to drive.
so marks the beginning of a new part of the conversation.
well marks a change in the focus (from getting a car loan to needing a car).
right marks a response (B is agreeing with C).
anyway marks a shift in topic (from buying a new car to having driving lessons).
1. We use different discourse markers in speaking and writing. In speaking, the following discourse markers are very common:
anyway, like, right, you know, fine, now, so, I mean, good, oh, well, as I say, great, okay, mind you, then again, for a start ...
Now (used to introduce a statement or question): Now, you don't really mean that. 2. used to strengthen a command, entreaty, or the like): Now stop that!
Adverbs as discourse markers (anyway, finally)
Discourse markers organise longer pieces of conversation or text. They can mark the openings or closings of conversations, changes in topics, and other functions connected with organising a conversation or text. Most discourse markers belong to the class of adverbs.
Anyway, I’ve got to go and pick up the children. (signals that the conversation is finishing)
Finally, we need to consider the broader economic issues. (signals the last item in a list of points or arguments)
Right, now, sorry to keep you waiting. (signals something new)
So you want to go to Spain, do you? (focuses on a topic)
EXAMPLES
Dismissal of Previous Discourse. (desestimacion, rechazo, despido)
Anyway / Anyhow / At any rate / In any case; At least / Regardless of (whether or not ...)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.) (Notice no comma used after, ‘At least’)
I have always lived the way I wanted regardless of whether or not it was popular.
A hero is someone who, in spite of weakness, doubt or not always knowing the answers, goes ahead and overcomes anyway. Christopher Revve
Anyway / Anyhow / At any rate / In any case; At least / Regardless of (whether or not ...)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.) (Notice no comma used after, ‘At least’)
I have always lived the way I wanted regardless of whether or not it was popular.
A hero is someone who, in spite of weakness, doubt or not always knowing the answers, goes ahead and overcomes anyway. Christopher Revve
Always remember that you are absolutely unique. Just like everyone else. * Opportunities are like sunrises. If you wait too long, you miss them.
Now is a very frequent word in English. Anyone with at least some command of English will tell you what it "means". But really?. Discourse markers (DMs) have recently become a very popular topic in pragmatics. However, 'now' has been only rarely mentioned. Even though it cannot compete with some other DMs in frequency, its functions in discourse by far surpass the role of a temporal adverb.
*************************
1. Delying strategies.
You know, if it hadn't been for Judy, Betsy was sure she would have left the city.
2. Introductory expressions.
To tell you the truth, I don't really like my job very much. Mind you, the salary's quite good.!
2. Talking about the Beginning. Structuring a speech / sequencing ideas / presenting arguments.
1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing the difference
2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
3. Talking about Similarity (相似，类似)
4. Contradicting (反驳)
5. Concession (concede (v): 承认某事属实，有效，合理等)
6. Concession and Counter Argument (反论点)
7. Persuading (说服)
8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse (解雇前话语)
9. Adding; Giving More Details
10. Giving Examples
11. Being More Specific
12. Clarifying
13. Summarizing
14. Speaking in General
15. Exception
16. Stating the Purpose
17. Emphasizing
18. Giving Reasons
19. Talking about the Result
20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
21. Parallel Time
22. Changing the Subject
23. Returning to a Previous Subject
24. Gaining Time to Think
26. Talking about the End
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